Factors Shaping Student Readiness for Online Learning: Technology, Perception, and Lecturer Roles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2025.2.365.387Słowa kluczowe:
learner control, technology readiness, perceptions of online learning, readiness of lecturers in online learning, students readiness for online learningAbstrakt
Aim. This study explores factors shaping student readiness for online learning, focusing on learner control, technology readiness, perception of online learning, and lecturer readiness.
Methods. The research employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyse data collected from 573 electronics students at a university in Indonesia. SEM analysis examined the relationships between these dimensions and their impact on student readiness for online learning.
Results and Conclusion. The findings indicate that lecturer readiness significantly enhances student readiness, with technology readiness and perception of online learning also playing crucial roles. While learner control does not directly affect student readiness, it influences readiness by impacting perceptions of online learning. These results emphasise the importance of student autonomy and lecturer support in fostering motivation and engagement in online learning.
Research Restrictions. The study is limited to a single study programme and employs a quantitative approach, indicating a need for broader exploration in future research.
Practical Application. The findings suggest that educational institutions should invest in professional development for lecturers and technological access for students to optimise the online learning environment.
Cognitive Value. This study provides empirical insights into the interconnected factors affecting student readiness for online learning, highlighting the pivotal role of lecturer support and technology in shaping student success.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Abuhassna, H., Busalim, A. H., Mamman, B., Yahaya, N., Zakaria, M. A. Z. M., Al-Maatouk, Q., & Awae, F. (2022). From student’s experience: Does e-learning course structure influenced by learner’s prior experience, background knowledge, autonomy, and dialogue. Contemporary Educational Technology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/11386
Alam, S. S., Ahmed, S., & Kokash, H. A. (2023). Interplay of perceived organizational and external e-readiness in the adoption and integration of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies in Malaysian higher education institutions. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 13735-13761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12428-7
Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2022). The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 380–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2020-0131
Almazova, N., Krylova, E., Rubtsova, A., & Odinokaya, M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for Russian higher education amid COVID-19: Teachers’ perspective. Education Sciences, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10120368
Ananga, P. (2020). Pedagogical considerations of e-learning in education for development in the face of COVID-19. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.123
Basarir-Ozel, B., Nasir, V. A., & Turker, H. B. (2023). Determinants of smart home adoption and differences across technology readiness segments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122924
Bertram, C. A., Mthiyane, C. C. N., & Naidoo, J. (2021). The tension between curriculum coverage and quality learning: The experiences of South African teachers. International Journal of Educational Development, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102353
Bingjie, L., Schroeder, A., & Pennington-Gray, L. (2019). Cruise line customers’ responses towards risk and crisis communication messages: The effects of risk perception attitudes, safety perceptions, and past travel experience. Journal of Travel Research, 58(5), 849–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518778148
Busu, C., & Busu, M. (2021). Research on the factors of competition in the green procurement processes: A case study for the conditions of romania using PLS-SEM methodology. Mathematics, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/math9010016
Castro-Alonso, J. C., de Koning, B. B., Fiorella, L., & Paas, F. (2021). Five strategies for optimizing instructional materials: Instructor and learner managed cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), 1379–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09606-9
Cole, A. W., Lennon, L., & Weber, N. L. (2021). Student perceptions of online active learning practices and online learning climate predict online course engagement. Interactive Learning Environments, 29(5), 866–880. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1619593
Dada, D., Laseinde, O. T., & Tartibu, L. (2023). Student-centered learning tool for cognitive enhancement in the learning environment. Procedia Computer Science, 217, 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.246
Damerji, H., & Salimi, A. (2021). Mediating effect of use perceptions on technology readiness and adoption of artificial intelligence in accounting. Accounting Education, 30(2), 107–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2021.1872035
Ekiz-Kiran, B., Boz, Y., & Oztay, E. S. (2021). Development of pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge through a PCK-based school experience course. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 22(2), 415–430. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RP00225A
Fadhilah, F., & Husin, M. (2023). Student readiness on online learning in higher education: An empirical study. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16326a
Festiyed, Tanjung, Y. I., & Fadillah, M. A. (2024). ChatGPT in science education: A visualization analysis of trends and future directions. JOIV: International Journal on Informatics Visualization, 8(3–2), 1614-1624. https://doi.org/10.62527/joiv.8.3-2.2987
Fielding, J., Geiger, V., Miller, J., Bruder, R., Towara, U., & Ratnayake, I. (2022). Using situated expectancy value theory to explore initial teacher education students’ motivation to engage with challenging mathematical tasks. Teaching and Teacher Education, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103663
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Husin, M., Usmeldi, Masdi, H., Simatupang, W., Fadhilah, & Hendriyani, Y. (2024). Validation of the project-based problem learning (PBPL) model book in higher education. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025222
Hussein, E., Daoud, S., Alrabaiah, H., & Badawi, R. (2020). Exploring undergraduate students’ attitudes towards emergency online learning during COVID-19: A case from the UAE. Children and Youth Services Review, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105699
Jensen, L., Price, L., & Roxå, T. (2020). Seeing through the eyes of a teacher: differences in perceptions of HE teaching in face-to-face and digital contexts. Studies in Higher Education, 45(6), 1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1688280
Jensen, L. X., Bearman, M., & Boud, D. (2021). Understanding feedback in online learning – A critical review and metaphor analysis. Computers and Education, 173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104271
Karatas, K., & Arpaci, I. (2021). The role of self-directed learning, metacognition, and 21st century skills predicting the readiness for online learning. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/10786
Korkmaz, G., & Toraman, Ç. (2020). Are we ready for the post COVID-19 educational practice? An investigation into what educators think as to online learning. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i4.110
Li, S., & Lajoie, S. P. (2022). Cognitive engagement in self-regulated learning: an integrative model. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37(3), 833–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-021-00565-x
Lin, H., Zhang, M., Gursoy, D., & Fu, X. (2019). Impact of tourist-to-tourist interaction on tourism experience: The mediating role of cohesion and intimacy. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.009
Menzli, L. J., Smirani, L. K., Boulahia, J. A., & Hadjouni, M. (2022). Investigation of open educational resources adoption in higher education using Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory. Heliyon, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09885
Muhamad, N., Huda, M., Hashim, A., Tabrani, Z. A., & Maárif, M. A. (2023). Managing technology integration for teaching strategy: public school educators’ beliefs and practices. In A. Joshi, M. Mahmud, R.G. Ragel, S. Kartik (Eds), ICT: Applications and Social Interfaces. ICTCS 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 908,(pp. 385–400). Springer Nature Singapore. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0210-7_31
Núñez-Canal, M., de Obesso, M. D. L M., & Pérez-Rivero, C. A. (2022). New challenges in higher education: A study of the digital competence of educators in Covid times. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121270
Othman, A., Al Mutawaa, A., Al Tamimi, A., & Al Mansouri, M. (2023). Assessing the readiness of government and semi-government institutions in Qatar for inclusive and sustainable ICT accessibility: Introducing the MARSAD tool. Sustainability, 15(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043853
Phedy, P., Djaja, Y. P., Tobing, S. D. A. L., Gatam, L., Librianto, D., Fachrisal, Gatam, A. R., & Hardiansyah, N. P. (2021). Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Indonesian version of the Oswestry Disability Index. European Spine Journal, 30(4), 1053–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06690-3
Pribudhiana, R., Bin Don, Y., & Bin Yusof, M. R. (2021). Determining the influence of teacher quality toward teacher readiness in implementing Indonesian education policy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 93, 373–390.
Rafique, G. M., Mahmood, K., Warraich, N. F., & Rehman, S. U. (2021). Readiness for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of Pakistani LIS students. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2021.102346
Ramos-Morcillo, A. J., Leal-Costa, C., Moral-García, J. E., & Ruzafa-Martínez, M. (2020). Experiences of nursing students during the abrupt change from face to face to e-learning education during the first month of confinement due to COVID19 in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155519
Rasmitadila, R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Tambunan, A. R. S., Khairas, E. E., & Nurtanto, M. (2020). The benefits of implementation of an instructional strategy model based on the brain’s natural learning systems in inclusive classrooms in higher education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(18), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i18.14753
Reeve, J., Cheon, S. H., & Jang, H. R. (2019). A teacher-focused intervention to enhance students’ classroom engagement. In J. A. Fredricks, A. L. Reschly, S. L. Christenson (Eds), Handbook of Student Engagement Interventions: Working with Disengaged Students (pp. 87–102). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813413-9.00007-3
Rojabi, A. R. (2020). Exploring EFL students’ perception of online learning via microsoft teams: University level in Indonesia. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 3(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v3i2.2349
Sarfraz, M., Hussain, G., Shahid, M., Riaz, A., Muavia, M., Fahed, Y. S., Azam, F., & Abdullah, M. T. (2022). Medical students’ online learning perceptions, online learning readiness, and learning outcomes during COVID-19: The moderating role of teacher’s readiness to teach online. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063520
Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., Nitzl, C., Ringle, C. M., & Howard, M. C. (2020). Beyond a tandem analysis of SEM and PROCESS: Use of PLS-SEM for mediation analyses! International Journal of Market Research, 62(3), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785320915686
Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who’s ready? Computers in Human Behavior, 118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., Howard, S. K., & Tondeur, J. (2023). The more experienced, the better prepared? New evidence on the relation between teachers’ experience and their readiness for online teaching and learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107530
Schiering, D., Sorge, S., Keller, M. M., & Neumann, K. (2023). A proficiency model for pre-service physics teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)—What constitutes high-level PCK? Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 60(1), 136–163. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21793
Shahzad, M., Nadeem, M. A., & U-Nisa, Z. (2021). Developing Learning Environment Using Interactive Multimedia. Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning, VII(I), 93–106.
Shang, C., Moss, A. C., & Chen, A. (2023). The expectancy-value theory: A meta-analysis of its application in physical education. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 12(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2022.01.003
Shimaponda-Nawa, M., & Nwaila, G. T. (2024). Integrated and intelligent remote operation centres (I2ROCs): Assessing the human–machine requirements for 21st century mining operations. Minerals Engineering, 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108565
Smale-Jacobse, A. E., Meijer, A., Helms-Lorenz, M., & Maulana, R. (2019). Differentiated instruction in secondary education: A systematic review of research evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02366
Sofi-Karim, M., Bali, A. O., & Rached, K. (2023). Online education via media platforms and applications as an innovative teaching method. Education and Information Technologies, 28(1), 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11188-0
Song, Y., & Gao, J. (2020). Does telework stress employees out? A study on working at home and subjective well-being for wage/salary workers. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(7), 2649–2668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00196-6
Souza, R. R. de, Toebe, M., Mello, A. C., & Bittencourt, K. C. (2023). Sample size and Shapiro-Wilk test: An analysis for soybean grain yield. European Journal of Agronomy, 142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126666
Spurk, D., & Straub, C. (2020). Flexible employment relationships and careers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103435
Suhandiah, S., Suhariadi, F., Yulianti, P., Wardani, R., & Muliatie, Y. E. (2022). Online learning satisfaction in higher education: what are the determining factors? Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 41(2), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i2.35724
Suliman, W. A., Abu-moghli, F. A., Khalaf, I., & Zumot, A. F. (2020). Experiences of nursing students under the unprecedented abrupt online learning format forced by the national curfew due to COVID-19: A qualitative research study. Nurse Education Today, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104829
Syauqi, K., Munadi, S., & Triyono, M. B. (2020). Students’ perceptions toward vocational education on online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(4), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i4.20766
Tang, Y. M., Chung, P., Law, K. M. Y., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y., Guan, J., He, D., & Ho, G. T. S. (2020). Comparative analysis of Student’s live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers and Education, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
Teng, L. S., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Empowering learners in the second/foreign language classroom: Can self-regulated learning strategies-based writing instruction make a difference? Journal of Second Language Writing, 48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2019.100701
Theobald, M. (2021). Self-regulated learning training programs enhance university students’ academic performance, self-regulated learning strategies, and motivation: A meta-analysis. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101976
Tripathi, M., Roy, N., Sodani, M., & Bhattacharya, S. (2023). Virtual leadership: An integral phenomenon of Industry 4.0. In T. Chakraborty, T. M. Awan, A. Natarajan, M. Kamran (Eds), Agile Leadership for Industry 4.0 (pp. 117–137). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003314615
Wang, Q., & Xue, M. (2022). The implications of expectancy-value theory of motivation in language education. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992372
Wei, H. C., & Chou, C. (2020). Online learning performance and satisfaction: do perceptions and readiness matter? Distance Education, 41(1), 48–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1724768
Woollacott, M., Roe, C. A., Cooper, C. E., Lorimer, D., & Elsaesser, E. (2021). Perceptual phenomena associated with spontaneous experiences of after-death communication: Analysis of visual, tactile, auditory and olfactory sensations. Explore, 18(4), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2021.02.006
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2025 Yudhi Diputra, Muhammad Husin, Fadhilah, Amir Karimi, Abdullahi Abubakar Yunusa, M Muthma’innah

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
CC-BY
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All authors agree for publishing their email adresses, affiliations and short bio statements with their articles during the submission process.