New Digital Paradigm and Motherhood in Migratory Contexts

Mónica  Ortiz Cobo; Renzo Ismael Jeri Levano; José García Martín

doi:10.15503/jecs2024.1.141.159

Autor

Mónica Ortiz Cobo Department of Sociology, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, University of Granada, Calle Rector López Argüeta s/n, 18001 Granada, Spain
Renzo Ismael Jeri Levano Institute for Migration Research, University of Granada, Calle Zamora, Parcela 111-112, 18151, Granada, Spain
José García Martín Department of Sociology, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2024.1.141.159

Słowa kluczowe:

migrant mothers, education, mother-child relatioship, technology, transnational communication

Abstrakt

Aim. The present study aims to explore the maternal role of migrants in pre-digital and digital contexts. For this purpose, the study analyses the relationships among migrant mothers in digital and pre-digital contexts and the impact of their mother-child relationship.

Methods. Virtual ethnography has enabled the analysis of various heterogeneous moments and contexts, as well as a virtual exploration of the social networks of the twenty-four participants in this study. Meanwhile, multi-sited ethnography has allowed access to and the utilization of multiple interconnected spaces in migratory contexts.

Results. The inclusion of digital technology, the use of social networks, and the polymedia environment enable migrant mothers to challenge geographical and temporal barriers and devise strategies that allow them to maintain their mother-child relationship through ubiquitous and real-time transnational communication. This distinguishes them from migrant mothers of the pre-digital era, whose maternal roles were threatened by physical distance and the limited availability, at that time, of communication tools.

Conclusion. A new digital paradigm has enabled the construction of digital motherhood in migratory contexts, representing a significant evolution in parental dynamics affecting 21st-century mothers, often referred to as "digital natives". This technological shift has altered the traditional conception of motherhood and long-distance caregiving. Changes in family relationships redefine the migratory experience and motherhood, as well as influence processes of identity, belonging, and adaptation in virtual contexts.

Pobrania

Statystyki pobrań niedostępne.

Biogramy autorów

Mónica Ortiz Cobo - Department of Sociology, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, University of Granada, Calle Rector López Argüeta s/n, 18001 Granada, Spain

PhD with international mention in Sociocultural Anthropology, Professor in
the Department of Sociology at the University of Granada (UGR, Spain). She
is a member of the Institute of Migration of the UGR, author of more than
100 scientific publications, including articles and books, chapters, and
has been Principal Investigator of several research projects in the field
of migration funded by the public administration in the Spanish context, as
well as invited researcher in foreign research centers and reviewer in
international scientific journals of impact.
Renzo Ismael Jeri Levano - Institute for Migration Research, University of Granada, Calle Zamora, Parcela 111-112, 18151, Granada, Spain

Bachelor's Degree in Political Science, Master in International relations,
PhD student in the doctoral program in Migration Studies at the University
of Granada (Spain), author and co-author of book chapters in Q1 Scholarly
Publishers Indicators (SPI).
José García Martín - Department of Sociology, Faculty of Education, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain

PhD in Philosophy from the University of Malaga (outstanding cum laude and extraordinary doctorate prize). Professor in the Department of Sociology at University of Granada. He is president of the Sociedad Hispánica de Amigos de Kierkegaard (he has been its promoter and creator) and Director of the Permanent Seminar "Individual and Society in Kierkegaard" at the University of Granada. He is editor, author, and co-author of more than 60 publications, including articles, books, and book chapters. He has collaborated and participated (in some cases as principal investigator) in more than 5 international research projects and educational innovation projects. He is also a member of editorial or scientific boards of several international journals, as well as a guest researcher in foreign research centres.

Bibliografia

Anderson, B. (2000). Doing the Dirty Work? The Global Politics of Domestic Labour. Zed Books.

Bacigalupe, G., & Cámara, M. (2012). Transnational Families and Social Technologies: Reassessing Immigration Psychology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1425-1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698211

Baldassar, L. (2016). De-demonizing distance in mobile families lives: co-presence, care circulation and polymedia as vibrant matter. Global Networks, 16(2), 145-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12109

Baldassar, L., Nedelcu, M., Merla, L., & Wilding, R. (2016). ICT-based co-presence in transnational families and communities: challenging the premise of face-to-face proximity in sustaining relationships. Global Networks, 16(2), 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12108

Bastia, T. (2008). La feminización de la migración transnacional y su potencial emancipatorio [The feminization of transnational migration and its emancipatory potential]. Papeles de relaciones ecosociales y cambio global, 104, 67-77. https://www.fuhem.es/papeles_articulo/la-feminizacion-de-la-migracion-trasnacional-y-su-potencial-emancipatorio/

Bermejo, R., & Sánchez-Duarte, J. M. (2019). Digital Immigrants among Migrant Women in Spain. Socio-anthropologie, 40, 149-161. https://doi.org/10.4000/socio-anthropologie.6109

Borkert, M., Fisher, K. E., & Yafi, E. (2018). The Best, the Worst, and the Hardest to Find: How People, Mobiles, and Social Media Connect Migrants In(to) Europe. Social Media + Society, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764428

Bryceson, D., & Vuorela, U. (2002). The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. Routledge.

Campani G. (2000). Immigrant Women in Southern Europe: Social Exclusion, Domestic Work and Prostitution in Italy. In R. King, G. Lazaridis & C. Tsardanidis (Eds.), Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe (pp. 145-169). Palgrave Macmillan.

Carbajal, M. (2008). «Ser madre en la distancia»: análisis de una práctica transnacional [«Being a mother from afar»: analysis of a transnational practice]. L’Ordinaire des Amériques, 208-209, 163-181. https://doi.org/10.4000/orda.3304

Castro Cabalceta, D. (2018). Migrantes conectados. El impacto de la telefonía móvil en la migración [Connected migrants. The impact of mobile telephony on migration]. Communication, technologies et développement, 6. https://doi.org/10.4000/ctd.539

Catarino, C., & Oso, L. (2000). La inmigración femenina en Madrid y Lisboa, hacia una etnización del servicio doméstico y de las empresas de limpieza [Feminine Immigration in Madrid and Lisbon, towards the ethnization of domestic service and cleaning companies]. Papers. Revista de Sociología, 60, 187-207. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=45690

Christensen, T. H. (2009). “Connected presence” in distributed family life. New Media & Society, 11(3), 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808101620

De la Fuente Vilar, G. (2011). Las TIC en medio de las relaciones: manejo de la distancia y la proximidad en las familias transnacionales [ICT amidst relationships: navigating distance and proximity in transnational families]. Digithum, 13, 14-28. https://raco.cat/index.php/Digithum/article/view/245131

Elliot, B. S., Gerber, D. A., & Sinke S. M. (2006). Letters across Borders: The epistolary practices of international migrants. Palgrave Macmillan.

Escrivá Chordá. A. (2003). Inmigrantes peruanas en España. Conquistando el espacio laboral extradoméstico [Peruvian immigrants in Spain. Conquering the non-domestic work space]. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 61(36), 59-83. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2003.i36.314

Gonzálvez Torralbo, H. (2016). Las familias transnacionales ¿una tautología? Más allá de la dicotomía “distancia/proximidad geográfica” [Transnational families, a tautology? Beyond the dichotomy of “geographical distance/proximity”]. Polis, Revista Latinoamericana, 15(43), 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-65682016000100024

Hampton, K. N. (2004). Networked sociability online, off-line. In M. Castells (Ed.), The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (pp. 217-232). Edward Elgar.

Henshall Momsen, J. (1999). Gender, Migration and Domestic Service. Routledge.

Hiller, H. H., & Franz, T. M. (2004). New ties, old ties and lost ties: the use of the internet in diaspora. New Media and Society, 6(6), 731-752. https://doi.org/10.1177/146144804044327

Hine, C. (2000). Etnografía virtual [Virtual Ethnography]. Editoriales UOC.

Hochschild, A. R. (2000). Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. In W. Hutton & A. Giddens (Eds.), On the edge: living with global capitalism (pp. 130-146). Jonathan Cape.

Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, E. (1997). “I’M HERE, BUT I’M THERE”: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender & Society, 11(5), 548-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011005003

Hunter, A. (2015). Empowering or impeding return migration? ICT, mobile phones, and older migrant’s communications with home. Global Networks, 15(4), 485-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12091

Instituto nacional de estadísticas de España. (2002). Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año [Foreign Population by Nationality, communities, Gender, and Year]. https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p08/l0/&file=02005.px

Istituto Nazionale di Statistiche (2022). Stranieri residenti al 1° gennaio – Cittadinanza [Foreign residents as of January 1st – Citizenship]. http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPSTRCIT1

Judák, V., Akimjak, A., Zimný, J., Kurilenko, V., & Tvrdoň M. (2022). The importance of social and spiritual bridging in relation to post-covid society polarization in Slovakia. Acta Missiologica, 16(1), 126-137.

Kondrla P., & Králik R. (2016). Authentic being and moral conscience. European Journal of Science and Theology, 12(4), 155-164.

Králik, R., Zimny, J., Haringa, I., Roubalova, M., & Akimjakova, B. (2023). The relevance of therapeutic approaches in accompaniment for social work students with post-Covid-19 syndrome. Acta Missiologica, 17(1), 97-106.

Luque Brazán, J. C. (2004). Transnacionalismo y enclave territorial étnico en la configuración de la ciudadanía de los inmigrantes peruanos en Santiago de Chile [Transnationalism and ethnic territorial enclave in the formation of citizenship among Peruvian immigrants in Santiago, Chile]. Revista Enfoques, 2(3), 81-102. http://revistaenfoques.cl/index.php/revista-uno/article/view/274

Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011a). Migration and New Media: Transnational Families and Polymedia. Routledge.

Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011b). Mobile phone parenting: Reconfiguring relationships between Filipina migrant mothers and their left-behind children. New Media & Society, 13(3), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810393903

Marcus, G. E. (2001). Etnografía en/del sistema mundo. El surgimiento de la etnografía multilocal [Ethnography in/of the world system. The emergence of multilocal ethnography]. Alteridades, 22, 111-127. https://alteridades.izt.uam.mx/index.php/Alte/article/view/388

Martín Romero, A. M. (2020). La brecha digital generacional [The generational digital divide]. Temas laborales: Revista andaluza de trabajo y bienestar social, 151, 77-93. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7464144

Mason, J. (1999) Living away from Relatives: Kinship and Geographical Reasoning. In S. McRae (Ed.), Changing Britain: Families and households in the 1990s (pp. 156-175). Oxford University Press.

Nedelcu, M. (2012). Migrants’ New Transnational Habitus: Rethinking Migration Through a Cosmopolitan Lens in the Digital Age. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1339-1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698203

Paerregaard, K. (2007). La migración femenina: estrategias de sostenimiento y movilidad social entre peruanos en España y Argentina [Feminine migration: sustainment strategies and social mobility among Peruvians in Spain and Argentina]. Anthropologica, 25(25), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.18800/anthropologica.200701.003

Panagakos A. N., & Horst H. A. (2006). Return to Cyberia: technology and the social worlds of transnational migrants. Global Networks, 6(2), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00136.x

Parella Rubio, S. (2003a). La inserción laboral de la mujer inmigrante en los servicios de proximidad en Cataluña [Employment integration of immigrant women in proximity services in Catalonia]. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 61(36), 85-113. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2003.i36.315

Parella Rubio, S. (2003b). Mujer, inmigrante y trabajadora. La triple discriminación [Woman, immigrant, and worker. Triple discrimination]. Anthropos.

Parreñas, R. (2005). Long distance intimacy: Class, gender and intergenerational relations between mothers and children in Filipino transnational families. Global Networks, 5(4), 317-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00122.x

Pavlikova, M., Maturkanič, P., Akimjak, A., Mazur, S., & Timor, T. (2023). Social Interventions in the Family in the Post-COVID Pandemic Period. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 14(1), 106-123. https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2023.1.106.123

Peñaranda, M. C., Vitores, A., Martínez, L. M., Muñoz Justicia, J., & Íñiguez-Rueda, L. (2011). El acceso público a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: el lugar de los locutorios en los procesos migratorios [Public access to information and communication technologies: The role of internet call centers in migration processes]. Papeles del CEIC. International Journal on Collective Identity Research, 1, 1-37. https://www.redalyc.org/comocitar.oa?id=76517022006

Phizacklea, A. (1983). One way ticket: Migration and female labour. Routledge.

Poblet, G. (2022). “Pagar el seguro a la chacha": Informalidad y protección social en mujeres migrantes trabajadoras del hogar [“Paying the insurance to the maid": Informality and social protection among migrant women working in domestic work]. Migraciones. Publicación Del Instituto Universitario De Estudios Sobre Migraciones, 55, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.2022.003

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424816

Pujadas i Muñoz, J. J., Comas d’Argemir, D., & Roca i Girona, J. (2010). Etnografía [Ethnography]. Editorial UOC.

Rakow, L. F., & Navarro, V. (1993) Remote mothering and the parallel shift: Women meet the cellular telephone. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 10(2), 144-157 https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039309366856

Ramírez Martínez, J. P. (2014). Uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en familias caleñas con migrantes en España [Use of information and communication technologies in families from Cali with migrants in Spain]. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 48, 110-123. https://doi.org/10.7440/res48.2014.09

Reist, D., & Riaño, I. (2008). Hablando de aquí y de allá: patrones de aquí y de allá: patrones de comunicación transnacional entre migrantes y sus familias [Speaking from here and there: transnational communication patterns between migrants and their families]. In G. Herrera & J. Ramírez (Eds.), América Latina migrante: estado, familias, identidades [Migrant Latin America: state, families, identities] (pp. 303-323). Flacso - sede Ecuador. https://www.flacsoandes.edu.ec/agora/hablando-de-aqui-y-de-alla-patrones-de-comunicacion-transnacional-entre-migrantes-y-sus

Robles, J. M. (2017). ¿Por qué la brecha digital es un problema social? [Why is the digital divide a social problem?] Panorama social, 25, 9-16. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6371385

Ryan, L., Klekowski Von Koppenfels, A., & Mulholland, J. (2014). ‘The distance between us’: a comparative examination of technical, spatial and temporal dimensions of the transnational social relationships of highly skilled migrants. Global Networks, 15(2), 198-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12054

Salazar Parreñas, R. (2001). Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration, and Domestic Work. Stanford University Press.

Solé, C, (2000). Inmigración interior e inmigración exterior [Internal immigration and external immigration]. Papers. Revista de Sociología, 60, 211-224. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers/v60n0.1039

Solé, C., Parella, S., & Cavalcanti, L. (2007). Los vínculos económicos y familiares transnacionales. Los migrantes ecuatorianos y peruanos en España [Transnational economic and family ties. Ecuadorian and Peruvian migrants in Spain]. Fundación BBVA. https://www.fbbva.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/dat/DE_2007_vinculos_economicos_y_familiares.pdf

Sorensen, N., & Guarnizo, L. E. (2007). La vida de la familia transnacional a través del atlántico: la experiencia de la población colombiana y dominicana migrante en Europa [The life of the transnational family across the Atlantic: the experience of Colombian and Dominican migrant populations in Europe]. Puntos de vista: Cuadernos del Observatorio de las Migraciones y la Convivencia Intercultural de la Ciudad de Madrid (oMci), 9, 7-28. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2949932

Torns, T. (1997). Los servicios de proximidad, ¿un yacimiento de empleo? [Proximity services, a job opportunity?] RTS: Revista de Treball Social, 147, 40-47.

Torns, T., Madami, G., & Rogerat, C. (1996). La formation pour les emplois de proximité. Note de reflexion au vu de regard de genre [The training for proximity jobs. Reflection note in view of a gender perspective]. Bellaterra Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Grup d'Estudis Sociològics sobre la Vida Quotidiana i el Treball. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/132588

Valles Martínez, M. S. (2003). Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Reflexión metodológica y práctica profesional [Qualitative techniques in social research. Methodological reflection and professional practice]. Editorial Síntesis.

Velasco Maíllo, H. M., & Díaz De Rada, Á. (Eds.). (2006). La lógica de la investigación etnográfica. Un modelo de trabajo para etnógrafos de la escuela [The logic of ethnographic research. A working model for school ethnographers]. Trotta.

Vertovec, S. (2004). Cheap Calls: The Social Glue of Migrant Transnationalism. Global Networks, 4(2), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2004.00088.x

Vigna, D. G. (2017). Autonomía e imperativo del decir en la web interactiva. Una reflexión sobre el hacer archivo en redes sociales a partir del contexto argentino actual [Autonomy and imperative of speech in the interactive web. A reflection on archiving practices on social media from the current Argentine context]. Anagramas-Rumbos y sentidos de la comunicación, 16(31), 113-133. https://dx.doi.org/10.22395/angr.v16n31a4

Zlotnik, H. (2003). The global dimensions of female migration. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/global-dimensions-female-migration