Can History of Parasitic Diseases Increase Social Conservatism? Testing Behavioural Immune System Theory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2022.2.383.394Słowa kluczowe:
parasites, behavioural immune system, social conservatism, perceived infectabilityAbstrakt
Aim. Using available data from previously published study the hypothesis that individuals with broader disease history are more conservative than those, who were infected less often in the past was tested.
Methods. Publicly available database containing data regarding perceived vulnerability to disease, social conservatism and participant’s history of parasitic disease was accessed. In the study 9409 cases from 43 countries were analysed.
Results. When controlling for participant’s age, sex, education level, wealth and perceived infectability, it was found, that broader disease history was a significant predictor of social conservatism.
Conclusions. Individuals, who were in the past infected with parasitic diseases more often, were observed to be more conservative than people, who had suffered from these diseases less often.
Pobrania
Bibliografia
Ackerman, J. M., Hill, S. E., & Murray, D. R. (2018). The behavioral immune system: Current concerns and future directions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12371
Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey-Bass.
Bago, B., Kovacs, M., Protzko, J., Nagy, T., Kekecs, Z., Palfi, B., Adamkovic, M., Adamus, S., Albalooshi, S., Albayrak-Aydemir, N., Alfian, I. N., Alper, S., Alvarez-Solas, S., Alves, S., Amaya, S., Andersen, P. K., Anjum, G., Ansari, D., Arriaga, P., … & Balazs A. (2022). Situational factors shape moral judgements in the trolley dilemma in Eastern, Southern and Western countries in a culturally diverse sample. Nature human behaviour, 6, 880-895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-022-01319-5
Campbell, J. C., & Strate, J. (1981). Are old people conservative? The gerontologist, 21(6), 580-591. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/21.6.580
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Parasites – Lymphatic Filiarsis. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/gen_info/faqs.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Typhus Fevers. https://www.cdc.gov/typhus/epidemic/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/transmission/
Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., ... & Zupančič, M. (2019a). Contrasting computational models of mate preference integration across 45 countries. Scientific reports, 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52748-8
Conroy-Beam, D., Roney, J. R., Lukaszewski, A. W., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., ... & Zupančič, M. (2019b). Assortative mating and the evolution of desirability covariation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 40(5), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2019.06.003
Delves, P. J., & Roitt, I. M. (2000). The immune system. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200007063430107
Duncan, L. A., Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2009). Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(6), 541-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.001
Harnish, R. J., Bridges, K. R., & Gump, J. T. (2018). Predicting economic, social, and foreign policy conservatism: The role of right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, moral foundations orientation, and religious fundamentalism. Current Psychology, 37(3), 668-679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9552-x
Henningham, J. P. (1996). A 12-item scale of social conservatism. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(4), 517-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00192-1
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and brain sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83.
Hornsey, M. J., Finlayson, M., Chatwood, G., & Begeny, C. T. (2020). Donald Trump and vaccination: The effect of political identity, conspiracist ideation and presidential tweets on vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 88, 103947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103947
Karwowski, M., Kowal, M., Groyecka-Bernard, A., Białek, M., Lebuda, I., Sorokowska, A., & Sorokowski, P. (2020). When in danger, turn right: Does Covid-19 threat promote social conservatism and right-wing presidential candidates? Preprint. https://psyarxiv.com/pjfhs/
Kempthorne, J. C., & Terrizzi Jr, J. A. (2021). The behavioral immune system and conservatism as predictors of disease-avoidant attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, 110857.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110857
Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Dobrowolska, M., Pisanski, K., Oleszkiewicz, A., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., ... & Zupančič, M. (2020). Reasons for Facebook usage: Data from 46 countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00711
Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Lebuda, I., Groyecka-Bernard, A., Białek, M., Kowalska, K., Wojtycka, L., Karwowski, M., Olszewska, A. (2020). Dread in Academia–how COVID-19 affects science and scientists. Anthropological Review, 83(4), 387-394. https://doi.org/10.2478/anre-2020-0028
Legate, N., Ngyuen, T. V., Weinstein, N., Moller, A., Legault, L., Vally, Z., Tajchman, Z., Zsido, A., Zrimsek, M., Chen, Z., Ziano, I., Gialitaki, Z., Ceary, C. D., Jang, Y., Lin, Y., Kunisato, Y., Yamada, Y., Xiao, Q., Jiang, X., ... & Primbs, M. (2022). A global experiment on motivating social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(22). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111091119
Ma, M. Z., & Ye, S. (2022). Coronavirus-related searches on the Internet predict COVID-19 vaccination rates in the real world: A behavioral immune system perspective. Social Psychological and Personality Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221106012
Maxwell, S. E., Lau, M. Y., & Howard, G. S. (2015). Is psychology suffering from a replication crisis? What does „failure to replicate” really mean? American Psychologist, 70(6), 487-498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039400
Melrose, W. D. (2002). Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease. International Journal for Parasitology, 32(8), 947-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0
Open Science Framework. (2022). BIS and parasites. https://osf.io/jwufv
Peterson, J. C., Smith, K. B., & Hibbing, J. R. (2020). Do people really become more conservative as they age? The Journal of Politics, 82(2), 600-611.
Reny, T. T., & Barreto, M. A. (2022). Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 10(2), 209-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2020.1769693
Schaller, M. (2006). Parasites, behavioral defenses, and the social psychological mechanisms through which cultures are evoked. Psychological Inquiry, 17(2), 96–101.
Schaller, M., & Duncan, L. A. (2007). The behavioral immune system: Its evolution and social psychological implications. In J. P. Forgas, M. G. Haselton, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Evolution and the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition (pp. 293–307). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Schaller, M., & Duncan, L. A. (2016). The behavioral immune system. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The handbook of evolutionary psychology: Foundations (pp. 206-224). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sobczyk, M. (2007). Statystyka [Statistics] (5th ed.). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Sorokowska, A., Saluja, S., Sorokowski, P., Frąckowiak, T., Karwowski, M., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., ... & Croy, I. (2021). Affective interpersonal touch in close relationships: a cross-cultural perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(12), 1705-1721. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220988373
Sorokowski, P., Groyecka, A., Kowal, M., Sorokowska, A., Białek, M., Lebuda, I., Dobrowolska, M., Zdybek, P., & Karwowski, M. (2020). Can information about pandemics increase negative attitudes toward foreign groups? A case of COVID-19 outbreak. Sustainability, 12(12), 4912. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124912
Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Groyecka, A., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Bartes, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., … & Sternberg, R. J. (2021). Universality of the triangular theory of love: adaptation and psychometric properties of the triangular love scale in 25 countries. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1787318
Sorokowski, P., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Groyecka, A., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Asao, K., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Bartes, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., Boussena, M., Buss, D. M., … & Sternberg, R. J. (2021). Universality of the triangular theory of love: adaptation and psychometric properties of the triangular love scale in 25 countries. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 106-115. Figshare. Retrived February, 25, 2022, from https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Love_parasites_and_conservatism_The_Journal_of_Sex_Research_58_106-115_/19114478
Terrizzi Jr, J. A., Shook, N. J., & McDaniel, M. A. (2013). The behavioral immune system and social conservatism: A meta-analysis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.003
Terrizzi Jr, J. A., Shook, N. J., & Ventis, W. L. (2010). Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024
Terrizzi Jr, J. A., Shook, N. J., & Ventis, W. L. (2012). Religious conservatism: an evolutionarily evoked disease-avoidance strategy. Religion, Brain & Behavior, 2(2), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2012.695514
Thornhill, R., Fincher, C. L., & Aran, D. (2009). Parasites, democratization, and the liberalization of values across contemporary countries. Biological Reviews, 84(1), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00062.x
Tybur, J. M., Inbar, Y., Aarøe, L., Barclay, P., Barlow, F. K., De Barra, M., Becker, V. D., Borovoi, L., Choi, I., Consedine, N. S., Conway, A., Conway, J. R., Conway, P., Adoric, V. C., Demirci, D. E., Fernández, A. M., Ferrerira, D. C. S., Ishii, K., Jakšić, I., ... & Žeželj, I. (2016). Parasite stress and pathogen avoidance relate to distinct dimensions of political ideology across 30 nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(44), 12408-12413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607398113
Tybur, J. M., Merriman, L. A., Hooper, A. E. C., McDonald, M. M., & Navarrete, C. D. (2010). Extending the behavioral immune system to political psychology: Are political conservatism and disgust sensitivity really related? Evolutionary Psychology, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491000800406
Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Bartes, C., Bendixen, M, Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., ... & Zupančič, M. (2020). Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: A large-scale replication. Psychological Science, 31(4), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904154
Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Duyar, D. A., Ayebare, R., Bartes, C., Bendixen, M, Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., ... & Zupančič, M. (2021). Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288(1955), 20211115. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1115
Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C. A., Miller, J. K., Uusberg, A., Lerner, J. S., Gross, J. J., Agesin, B. B., Bernardo, M., Campos, O., Eudave, L., Grzech, K., Ozery, D. H., Jackson, E. A., Garcia, E. O. L., Drexler, S. M., Jurković, A. P., Rana, K., Wilson, J. P., ... & Moshontz, H. (2021). A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behaviour, 5(8), 1089-1110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x
Weiss, S. R., & Navas-Martin, S. (2005). Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 69(4), 635-664. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005
Wilder-Smith, A., Chen, L. H., Massad, E., & Wilson, M. E. (2009). Threat of dengue to blood safety in dengue-endemic countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1501.071097
World’s Health Organization. (2022). Dengue and severe dengue. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
World Health Organization. (2022). Leishmaniasis - Fact sheet N°375. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
World Health Organization. (2022). Schistosomiasis - Fact Sheet N°115. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis
World Health Organization. (2022). Trypanosomiasis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness)
World Health Organization. (2021). Tuberculosis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis
World Health Organization. (2014). Malaria - Fact sheet N°94. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903002027/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/
Pobrania
Opublikowane
Numer
Dział
Licencja
Prawa autorskie (c) 2022 Wiktoria Jędryczka
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
CC-BY
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All authors agree for publishing their email adresses, affiliations and short bio statements with their articles during the submission process.
