Forms of prejudice about christians and social cohesion between university students in Slovakia: media as an essential part of the issue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2021.1.429.444Keywords:
Prejudice, Social cohesion, University students, Diversity, MediaAbstract
Aim. The subject of our interest is to research the forms of prejudice about Christians among university students. Part of the research focuses on the question of the forms of prejudices of the research group in relation to religious classmates – peers and part of on significant influence of media on the negative perception of Christianity in the society. The reflection of the findings is a consideration of the decline in social cohesion due to (1) the existence of prejudices in the university environment in Slovakia, and (2) the often negative media presentation of Christian religion in the Slovak media.
Concept. The starting point of the issue is the research into the forms of prejudice and the potential for social exclusion of young people due to the existence of prejudice in the university environment. The need for this kind of research and reasoning arises from growing fears and the strengthening of phobias that accumulate within the groups we observe.
Results and conclusion. The reflection of the findings is a consideration of the decline in social cohesion due to (1) the existence of prejudices in the university environment in Slovakia, and (2) the often negative media presentation of Christian religion in the Slovak media.
Cognitive value. Qualitative statements confirm the decline in social cohesion among peers due to religious diversity. We consider the presence of religious prejudices as an urgent call for such forms of education that would effectively contribute to the acceptance of cultural and religious diversity in society and to the promotion of social cohesion in the university environment.
Downloads
References
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley publishing company.
Bauman, Z. (1996). Mysletsociologicky. Netradičníuvedení do sociologie [Think sociologically. Unconventional introduction to sociology], Praha: Slon.
Bobkowski, P. & Kalyanaraman, S. (2010). Effects of online Christian self-disclosure on impression formation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(3), 456-476.doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2010.01522.x.
Bunčák, J. (2001). Religiozita na Slovensku: stredoeurópsky rámec[Religiosity in Slovakia: Central European Framework], Sociológia, 33(1), 47-69.
Burton, G.&Jirák, J. (2003). Úvod do studiamédií [Introduction to media studies], Brno: Barrister & Principal.
Castelli, E. (2007). “Persecution complexes: Identity politics and the ‘War on Christians.’” A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 18(3), 152-180.
Cenker, M. (2010). Moslimskí migranti v Bratislave [Muslim migrants in Bratislava], Sociológia, 42(3), 213-236.
Dojčár, M. (2012). Problém globálneho spolužitia: antropologické východisko[The problem of global coexistence: an anthropological basis], Bratislava: Veda.
EVS. (1999). Výskum európskych hodnôt [Research on European values]. Retrieved November 13, 2020, from http://sasd.sav.sk/sk/data_katalog_abs.php?id=sasd_1999002.
EVS. (2008). Výskum európskych hodnôt [Research on European values]. Retrieved November 13, 2020, from http://sasd.sav.sk/sk/data_katalog_abs.php?id=sasd_2008001.
Fontana, D. (2003). Psychologie ve školní praxi [Psychology in schoolpractice], Praha: Portál.
Gavora, P. (2007). Sprievodca metodológiou kvalitatívneho výskumu [Guide to qualitative research methodology], Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave.
Gay, G. (2013). Teaching To and Through Cultural Diversity. Curriculum Inquiry, 43(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/curi.12002.
Giddens, A. (1999). Sociologie [Sociology], Praha: Argo.
Grác, J. (1985). Persuázia: Ovplyvňovanie človeka človekom [Persuasion: Influencing man by man], Martin: Osveta.
Grešková, L. (2010). Societal Reactions to New Religious Movements in Slovakia. In: D. Hall and R. Smoczynski (Eds.), New Religious movements and conflict, (pp. 29-95). Warsaw: IFiS Publisher.
Grešková, L. (2013). Spoločenské reakcie na náboženské menšiny [Social responses to religious minorities]. In: O. Prostredník (Ed.), Cudzie nechceme, svoje si nedáme? Prekonávanie xenofóbie a antisemitizmu v náboženských textoch a praxi, (pp. 45-62). Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave.
Gyárfášová, O., & Sekulová, M. (2010). Diskriminácia a viacnásobná diskriminácia: Pohľady verejnosti na diskrimináciu, rovnosť a rovné zaobchádzanie. Pracovný zošit [Discrimination and multiple discrimination: public perspectives on discrimination, equality and equal treatment. Workbook], Bratislava: Inštitút pre verejné otázky.
Hargašová, M. (1995). Tolerancia a intolerancia mládeže SR v skupinovom a interpersonálnom kontexte [Tolerance and intolerance of the youth of the Slovak Republic in a group and interpersonal context], Mládež a spoločnosť, 1(1), 14-31.
Hargašová, M. (1996). Xenofóbia ako pojem a sociálny jav [Xenophobia as a concept and a social phenomenon], Mládež a spoločnosť, 2(1), 63-71.
Hinton, P. R. (2000). Stereotypes, cognition and culture: psychology focus. Philadelphia: Routledge.
Hofreiter, L. (2002). K niektorým bezpečnostným rizikám Slovenskej republiky [On some security risks of the Slovak Republic], Krízový manažment, 1(1), 24-30.
Islam, M. R., & Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out-group attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 700-710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293196005.
Kamenec, I. (2005). Holokaust na Slovensku, jeho reflexie v literatúre a spoločnosti [The Holocaust in Slovakia, its reflections in literature and society]. In: Kolektív autorov. Terezínske listy: sborník památníku Terezín, (pp. 82-91). Praha: Oswald.
Kerr P. & Moy, P. (2002). Newspaper coverage of fundamentalist Christians. Journalism& Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 54-72.
Kobylarek, A. (2016). Preface: Levels of resentment in the University of the Third Age. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 7(1), 5-8. doi: 10.15503/jecs20161.5.8.
Korherr, J. (1996). Pedagogická psychológia pre teológov [Educational psychology for theologians], Bratislava: RCBF UK.
Králik, R., Lenovský, L., & Pavlikova, M. (2018). A few comments on identity and culture of one ethnic minority in central Europe. European Journal of Science and Theology, 14(6), 63-76.
Krivý, V. (2001). Hodnotové orientácie a náboženské prejavy slovenskej verejnosti v 90.rokoch [Value orientations and religious expressions of the Slovak public in the 1990s], Sociológia, 33(1), 7-45.
Kugler, M. (2017). Výzvy, ktorým čelí náboženská sloboda v Európe [Challenges facing religious freedom in Europe]. In: Katolícka cirkev na Slovensku: Zborníky z konferencií. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.kbs.sk/obsah/sekcia/h/dokumenty-a-vyhlasenia/p/zborniky-z-konferencii/c/bratislava-konferencia-ludske-prava-martin-kugler
Kvasničková, A. (2005). Náboženstvo ako kolektívna pamäť: prípad Slovenska a Čiech [Religion as a collective memory: the case of Slovakia and Czechia], Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave.
Lajčáková, J., Gallová-Kriglerová, E., Kadlečíková, J., Balážová, Z., &Chudžíková, A. (2017). Riešenie nezamestnanosti Rómov: Od mýtu k praxi a späť [Addressing Gypsy Unemployment: From Myth to Practice and Back], Bratislava: Centrum pre výskum etnicity a kultúry, Skalica: Rómske advokačné a výskumné stredisko.
Langmeier, J., & Krejčiřová, D. (1998). Vývojová psychologie [Developmental psychology], Praha: Grada publishing.
Leslie, A. M., Knobe, J., &Cohen, A. (2006). Acting intentionally and the side-effect: Theory of mind and moral judgment. Psychological science, 17(5), 421-427.
Mannheim, K. (2007). Problém generácií [The problem of generations], Sociální studia, 1-2, 11-44.
Marec, S. (2020). Hanbíš sa za svoju vieru? Nehanbi sa! [Are you ashamed of your faith? Do not be shy!] Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://dennikn.sk/1892643/hanbis-sa-za-svoju-vieru-nehanbi-sa/.
Martín, J. G., Rojas, A. M., & Králik, R. (2020). The problem of the ‘individual’ concept in the Kierkegaard’s journals. European Journal of Science and Theology, 16(2), 39-46.
Máhrik, T., Vasbieva, D. G., Králik, R., & Kondrla, P. (2020). Salvation as the teleological vector in Kierkegaard’s practice in christianity. European Journal of Science and Theology, 16(4), 43-52.
Mesková, L. (2018). Cultural differences between the countries of Western Europe and the countries of the ancient Eastern Bloc. XLinguae, 11(1XL), 300-309. doi: 10.18355/XL.2018.11.01XL.25.
Mikulová, K. (2018). 12 spôsobov ako (NE) komunikovať svoju vieru [12 ways to (NOT) communicate your faith]. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from https://blog.postoj.sk/37560/12-sposobov-ako-nekomunikovat-svoju-vieru.
Ministerstvo kultúry SR, cirkevný odbor. (2017). Cirkvi a náboženské spoločnosti v roku 2017 [Churches and religious societies in 2017].Retrieved January 10, 2021, from internet: PDF.
Ministerstvo vnútra SR. Koncepcia boja proti extrémizmu na roky 2011 – 2014: Príloha č. 5 – Schéma rámcového vymedzenia problematiky extrémizmu [Concept of the fight against extremism for the years 2011 - 2014: Annex no. 5 - Scheme of the framework definition of the issue of extremism]. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from www.minv.sk.
Mutlu, S. (2020). Development of European consciousness in Erasmus students. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 2(2), 87-102. doi: 10.15503/jecs20112.87.102
Nadácia otvorenej spoločnosti, IUVENTA – Slovenský inštitút mládeže Ministerstva školstva vedy, výskumu a športu SR. Výlety Naslepo (hate speech, ľudsképráva): Slovník pojmov [Blind trips (hate speech, human rights): Glossary]. Retrieved January 15, 2021, from http://osf.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CVO_Jeden-svet-na-skolach_metodiky_str28-39.pdf
Omeri, A., Malcolm, P., &Ahern, M. (2003). Meeting the challenges of cultural diversity in the academic setting. Nurse Education in Practice, 3(1), 5-22. doi: 10.1016/S1471-5953(02)00026-4
Pavlíková, M., & Žalec, B. (2019). Struggle for the humanself and authenticity: Kierkegaard's critique of the public, established order, media, and false christianity. Bogoslovni Vestnik, 79(4), 1015-1026. doi: 10.34291/BV2019/04/Pavlikova
Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1993). Psychológia dieťaťa [Child psychology], Bratislava: Sofa.
Poláková, E. (2000). Výchova k tolerancii vovzdelávacom procese: Možnosti kultúrnej inštitúcie Múzea Židovskej kultúry privýchovemládeže k tolerancii [Education for tolerance in the educational process: possibilities of the cultural institution of the Museum of Jewish culture in the education of youth for tolerance], Acta Judaica Slovaca, 6(6), 211-223.
Polonský, F., & Novotný, J. (2011). The Level of Knowledge about Islam and Perception of Islam among Czech and Slovak University Students: Does Ignorance Determine Subjective Attitudes? Praha: Univerzita Karlova.
Putman, R. & Campbell, D. (2010). American grace: How religion divides and unites us. New York: Simon and Schuster. [51] Roubalová, M., Králik, R., Slivka, D., & Tavilla, I. (2018). The significance of bringing first fruits of the land into Jerusalem temple: A historical-theological perspective. Historia Ecclesiastica, 9(1), pp. 3-13.
Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska [RTVS]. (2017). Život bez predsudkov. Rôznorodosť v nás a okolo nás [Life without prejudices. Diversity in us and around us].Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://www.rtvs.sk/radio/archiv/11373/631407
Rybak, O. S. (2018). Value Orientations of People Learning Toward Different Types of Culture: An Empirical Study. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 9(2), 11-23. doi: 10.15503/jecs20182.11.23
Sibley, Ch. G. & Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), 248-279. doi: 10.1177/1088868308319226
Slivka, D. (2018). Hermeneutic relationship between personal and social ethics in Christian religious communities in the society. European Journal of Science and Theology, 14(5), 61-68.
Slovenská academia vied[SAV].(1998). Náboženstvo 1998 [Religion 1998].Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://sasd.sav.sk/sk/data_katalog_abs.php?id=sasd_1998001
Sociologický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied. (2000). Výskum európskych hodnôt 1999-2000: Názory, postoje a hodnoty obyvateľov Slovenska v európskom porovnaní [Research of European values 1999-2000: Opinions, attitudes and values of the population of Slovakia in European comparison]. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from http://www.sociologia.sav.sk/old/evs.html
Stephan, W. G., Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.). Reducing prejudice and discrimination, (pp. 23-45). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stockdale, M. S., & Crosby, F. J. (2004). The psychology and management of workplace diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Stríženec, M. (2001). Súčasná psychológia náboženstva [Contemporary psychology of religion]. Bratislava: Iris.
Šišková, T. (1998). Výchova k toleranci a proti rasismu [Education for tolerance and against racism], Praha: Portál.
Štatistický úrad Slovenskej republiky. Sčítanie obyvateľstva SR v r. 2001, 1991, 2011 [Census of the Slovak Republic in 2001, 1991, 2011]. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from http://portal.statistics.sk/files/tab-15.pdf
Tižík, M. (2006). K sociológii novej religiozity: Podoby zmeny náboženského života v 20. Storočí [On the sociology of the new religiosity: Forms of change in religious life in the 20th century], Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského.
Tížik, M. (2011). NáboženstvovoverejnomživotenaSlovensku: zápasy o ideový character štátu a spoločnosti [Religion in publiclife in Slovakia: struggles for the ideologicalcharacter of the state and society], Bratislava: SociologickýústavSlovenskejakadémie vied.
Tolnayová, A. (2016). Vývin morálneho vedomia [Development of moral consciousness]. In: J. Husár, M. Machalová, T. Hangoniand B. Kuzyšin (Eds.), Nová sociálna edukácia človeka V. Medzinárodná interdisciplinárna vedecká konferencia, Prešov, 7. 11. 2016, (pp. 265-272). Prešov: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove.
Vacek, P. (2008). Rozvoj morálního vědomížáků [Development of students' moral consciousness], Praha: Portál.
Valach, M. (2000). Filosofické kořeny intolerance [Philosophical roots of intolerance], Acta Judaica Slovaca, 6(6), 33-44.
Valčo, M., Valčová, K., Kardis, K., & Slivka, D. (2019). A prophetic critique of Samuel Štefan Osuský against Hitlerism, Fasism and War. Historia Ecclesiastica, 10(2), 179-192.
Vašečka, M. (2009). O vzťahoch k iným a k sebe: O diverzite v krajine pod Tatrami [About relations with others and with oneself: About diversity in the country below the Tatras]. In: M. Bútora, M. Kollár, G. Mesežnikov and Z. Bútorová (Eds.), Kde sme? Mentálne mapy Slovenska, (pp. 241-260). Bratislava: Inštitút pre verejné otázky & Kalligram.
Vašečka, M. (2009). Postoje verejnosti k cudzincom a zahraničnej migrácii v Slovenskej republike [Public attitudes towards foreigners and foreign migration in the Slovak Republic], Bratislava: IOM.
Vašečka, M. (2013). Sociologické aspekty xenofóbie [Sociological aspects of xenophobia]. In: O. Prostredník (Ed.), Cudzie nechceme, svoje si nedáme? Prekonávanie xenofóbie a antisemitizmu v náboženských textoch a praxi, (pp. 5-45). Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave.
Vašečka, M., & Košťál, C. (2009). Integrácia migrantov – vieme čo znamená? Politiky v Slovenskej republike v komparatívnej perspektíve [Integration of migrants – do we know what it means? Policies in the Slovak Republic in a comparative perspective], Bratislava: Inštitút pre dobre spravovanú spoločnosť.
Vlach, J. (2006). Prenos hodnôt a medzigeneračné diferencie [Transfer of values and intergenerational differences], Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského.
Vymetalova–Hrabakova, E., Kondrla, P., Vlasova, V. K., Dmitrichenkova, S. V., & Pashanova, O. V. (2020) Human as the protector of creation. XLinguae, 13(3), 13-21.doi: 10.18355/XL.2020.13.03.02
WVS. Svetový výskum hodnôt 1998 [World Values Survey 1998].Retrieved January 15, 2021, from http://sasd.sav.sk/sk/data_katalog_abs.php?id=sasd_1998002
Žalec, B. & Pavlíková, M. (2019). Civic virtues and functions of religion in public life. European Journal of Science and Theology, 15(6), 75-84.
Žilínek, M. (1997). Étos a utváranie, mravnej identity osobnosti [Ethos and the formation of the moral identity of the personality], Bratislava: IRIS.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Hedviga Tkáčová
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
CC-BY
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All authors agree for publishing their email adresses, affiliations and short bio statements with their articles during the submission process.
