Self-regard in the structure of personality behavioural manifestations

The article focuses on the issue of self-regard connected with behavioural manifestations of personality. By means of comparative, correlation and factorial analysis it is proven that positive self-regard is accompanied by a decreasing level of suicidal risk as well as by creativity growth. Self-acceptance, positive attitude towards oneself ensures a harmonious existence and a high level of personality self-identifi cation. Higher level of self-regard is revealed in younger age categories where it is based on optimistic life prospects and a creative approach to solving life problems. Creativity combined with self-liking becomes a certain ability that helps overcome crisis situations and facilitates removal of personal peculiarities connected with proneness to suicide. Among the creative skills and abilities foregrounded are creative approach, creative imagination and creative intuition.

Formation of self-regard as an affective component of self-consciousness is done on two levels of self-cognition. At the fi rst level emotional and axiological self-regard appears as a result of correlating oneself with other people. Here there is no integral, real understanding of oneself connected with realizing one's essence. The key form of self-cognition in the comparison "Self-Others" is selfperception and self-observation. At the second, more mature level of self-cognition self-regard formation is done within the comparison "Self-Self" by means of internal dialogue. The key forms of such self-cognition are self-analysis and selfawareness (Kolyshko 204,. Most promising in modern psychology is the study of self-regard as a direct representation in consciousness of a personal sense "Self". Here self-regard is not based on the evaluation of social desirebility of one's features and is not a direct consequence of knowledge about oneself. Here the basis of self-regard is the evaluation by a personality of his/her "Self", personal features through the motives that express his/her need for self-realization. In this situation the subject treats his/her "Self" depending on whether it is accepted as a negative, positive or in confl ict (contradictory) condition for achieving personality motives. Thus, attitude of a person towards oneself can be positive ("Self" is a condition that facilitates self-realization), negative ("Self" is a condition that inhibits self-realization) or confl ict ("Self" is a condition that at the same time facilitates and inhibits self-realization) (Panteleev 1991, р. 72).
John A. Hattie writes that feelings of personal dignity infl uence blocking and accuracy of the measure of our perception. According to the researcher, a person dose not perceive oneself and other people exclusively on the basis of rational abilities. Self-regard of a person infl uences the whole range of those behavioural aspects that deserve attention and respect. A person with high feeling of own dignity very often considers aspects of his/her own life as important, believes in their realization, perception of oneself, one's own actions in a more integral way and is more aware of it (Hattie 1992, р. 49).
C. R. Rogers stresses that a basic condition of manifestation of personality's fl exibility when evaluating oneself as a subject of interpersonal relations is its unconditional accepting oneself as a personality. It is the very unconditional self-acceptance that is the basis for fully fl edged functioning of a personality, its openness to inner emotional experience. It ensures the possibility of a person to perceive oneself and other people without distortions and contradictions, interaction with others without protections, while conditional self-acceptance causes instability of self-regard, its dependence on the evaluations of other people (Rogers, Dymond 1954, р. 39).
The conducted analysis allows us to state that there are various approaches to attitude of a person towards oneself: understanding self-regard as affective component of self-consciousness (self-regard in the structure of self-consciousness and self-perception), as a personality feature (self-regard in the personality structure), as a self-regulation component (self-regard in the system of self-regulation), as a factor that infl uences perception of other people (self-regard in the structure of interpersonal ties).
In psychology there are numerous researches determining close relations between attitude of a personality towards oneself as to the subject of life attitudes and his/her behaviour (R.B. Burns, S. Coopersmith, J.A. Hattie, S. Panteleev, N. Sardzhveladze). They indicate that high self-esteem of a personality is a condition of its maximum activity, productivity of actions, realization of creative potential, infl uences freedom of feelings manifestations, level of self-openness in communication (Rogers, Dymond 1954, р. 39). Positive stable self-regard lies in the basis of person's belief in one's own abilities, it is connected with one's readiness to take a risk, stipulates optimism concerning expectations of a successful outcome of one's actions (Kolyshko 204,. Negative, confl ict attitude of a personality towards oneself leads to offences against the law, drug-addiction, alcoholism, aggressive and suicidal behaviour, it is connected with non-adaptive, asocial forms of behaviour and is one of the reasons for deviation (I. Con, A. Nalchadzhian, H.B. Kaplan) and also positively correlates with depression (Coopersmith 1967, р. 331).

Aim of the research
Thus, the above-mentioned approaches allow us to outline the problem of our research where an attempt will be made to reveal peculiarities of self-regard as they impact onto two totally opposite behavioural aspects -suicidal and creative behaviour, to be exact, personal peculiarities that facilitate formation of the former or latter.

Methodology of the research
The following psychological methods were used in the empirical research of self--regard peculiarities: Test-questionnaire of self-regard elaborated by V. Stolin, Questionnaire of suicidal risk by Tatyana Rozuvaeva, Creativity test by Natalya Vyshniakova. To process the results obtained the following methods of mathematical statistics were used: cluster, comparative, correlation and factorial analysis.
Below is the short description of the aim and content of the methodology applied.
The test-questionnaire of self-regard elaborated by V. Stolin is aimed at researching the complex of self-regard factors. The test allows to reveal three levels of self-regard that differ in generalization level: 1) global self-regard; 2) self-regard differentiated in terms of self-esteem, self-liking, self-interest and expectations of attitude of others towards oneself; 3) level of specifi c actions (readiness for such actions) in attitude towards one's "Self".
The questionnaire of suicidal risk is used to reveal the level of suicidal intentions formation and to build a profi le according to nine subscales: demonstrativity, affectivity, uniqueness, inability, social pessimism, break of cultural barriers, maximalism, time perspective and suicidal factor. The creativity test by N. Vyshniakova allows us to reveal the level of creative inclinations of a personality according to the following scales: creative thinking, curiosity, originality, imagination, intuition, emotionality and empathy, sense of humour, creative attitude towards one's profession.

The group of research participants
Participants of the research make up three groups that differ in age and type of occupations. The older age group includes people that have a second higher education in "Psychology". They are from 25 to 45 years old. The majority of the group includes people who either were unable to realize themselves in their fi rst major or try to go up the career ladder getting one more educational qualifi cation and a small number of people who have higher education for self-knowledge and self-development. The number of people in the fi rst group is 54 persons.
The other groups are younger in terms of age and are of approximately the same age -18-20. The fi rst group includes students that receive psychological education and are full-time students. The group numbers 52 persons. The second group consists of students majoring in Applied and Decorative Arts. The group numbers 40 students. Thus, the general number of those researched is 146 persons.
So, there are three groups under research and there is an assumption that the level and quality of self-regard will be different. Self-regard in the older group will undergo transformation due to professional requalifi cation. In the fi rst young group self-regard is developing owing to formation of self-consciousness and self--cognition which is facilitated by the academic disciplines in various fi elds of psychology. In the second young group self-regard is connected with realization of one's creative potential.

Analysis and interpretation of the results obtained
To reveal the differences among the groups under study comparative analysis was applied. To verify the hypothesis that certain indicators of the tests infl uence the difference among the groups one-factor dispersion analysis was applied the results of which demonstrated signifi cance of the following indicators: expectation of positive attitude (F=3.15 with р<0.05), self-interest (F=3.82), self-understanding (F=4.60), which are the scales of self-regard, as well as demonstrativity (F=6.52), uniqueness (F=11.04), social pessimism (F=3.36), break of time perspective (F=4.62) as subscale of suicidal risk, and originality (F=5.80) and sense of humour (F=5.97) that relate to creativity. As one can see, certain indicators from all those used in the research infl uence the difference among the groups.
Further verifi cation of statistical differences among the groups was done by means of Scheffe Test.
Among self-regard indicators signifi cantly different is the integral indicator of self-interest (р=0.239 with р<0.05) and its subscale (р=0.0425). Both in the fi rst and in the second case higher level of self-interest was observed in the third groupstudents studying at the speciality "Psychology" (Fig. 1). Thus, they have higher interest in their own thoughts and feelings, they are ready to communicate with oneself on the equal level, are confi dent in being interesting for other people. It is evident that regular classes in psychology promote this because the ability to discover oneself is based on the idea of being interested in oneself as unique individuality.

Fig. 1. Comparison of self-regard indicators in three groups under research
Source: Author.

Fig. 2. Comparison of suicidal risk indicators in three groups under research
Source: Author The same concerns self-understanding the level of which is signifi cantly higher in this group of students as compared to those getting second higher education (р=0.0244). To some extent here there is a contradiction to the theory of I.S. Con about growth with age of the ability to differentiate one's personal features. How-ever, it can be connected with the fact that with evaluation of the level of this quality the younger people were less objective considering their self-understanding being high. It is necessary to note that at the same time there are no statistically signifi cant differences between the fi rst and the second groups, i.e. between senior students-psychologists and junior students-decorators (р=0,8657).
If compared with these two groups, the third group revealed quite lower subscales of suicidal risk such as demonstrativity (р=0.0068 and р=0.0140) and uniqueness (р=0.0005 and р=0.0003) (Fig. 2). They less frequently try to attract other people's attention to their misfortunes, get sympathy and understanding, they do not accept life situations as unique and different from others that reduces the level of suicidal risk.
Break of time perspective as inability to constructively plan one's future happens more frequently with students-decorators as compared to the students-psychologists of the early adulthood (р=0.0263). It can be the consequence of deep penetration into the current situation, global fear of future failures and defeats. These fears can be removed owing to the increase in the level of self-understanding and, consequently, self-regard.
Let us consider the differences among the groups in terms of creative indicators. Originality proved to be lower in the second group that includes students majoring in Applied and Decorative Arts as compared with the fi rst group of those getting second higher education (р=0.006). At fi rst sight, these fi ndings are quite unexpected but they may be explained by lower experience and education of younger students. It is also supported by the fact that between two younger groups there were no differences (Fig. 3). Students-psychologists and students-decorators differ in sense of humour. The former show higher results with this indicator (р=0.0035). In this case sense of humour may maintain general positive emotional background which is the basis for positive self-regard.
In general, students-psychologists participating in the research showed higher level of self-regard that is accompanied by the low level of suicidal risk and high level of creativity.
If to consider correlation analysis of the combined results of all the three groups, it is possible to trace regularities of self-regard interrelations with the indicators of the other tests. With р<0.05 the results showed signifi cant correlations with four indicators of Creativity test, namely originality (r=0.226), intuition (r=0.298), sense of humour (r=0.229) and creative attitude to one's job (r=0.358). It supports our hypothesis that self-regard is directly related to creativity as creative self-expression raises personality value in one's own eyes. At the same time positive self-regard helps achieve success in creative activity and demonstrate originality of thoughts and ideas.
The integral indicator of self-regard and its subscale reversely correlates with eight indicators of suicidal risk questionnaire, among which -demonstrativity (r=-0.363), affectivity (r=-0.455), uniqueness (r=-0.405), inability (r=-0.456), social pessimism (r=-0.252), time perspective (r=-0.519), antisuicidal factor (r=-0.246). Thus, the majority of emotional and suicidal manifestations that can lead to suicidal behaviour do not go along with positive self-regard, self-esteem, self-interest and expectation of positive attitude towards oneself from others. On the basis of the above-mentioned it is possible to come to the conclusion that growth of inner feeling "for" oneself, development of the skill to understand oneself, trust oneself will facilitate the correction of suicidal intentions.

Fig. 4. Clusters singled out according to integral scales of self-regard
Source: Author.
To fully determine the essence of self-regard we have conducted cluster analysis which allowed us to single out three groups with different level and different aspects of self-regard. The basis for the division were integral scales of self-regard where the researched with high results made up the third cluster, those with average results -the fi rst cluster, and the third cluster included those with low results in Testquestionnaire of self-regard (Fig. 3).

Plot of Means for Each Cluster
The group with high results in terms of self-regard (third cluster) included 49% students-psychologists, 30% students getting second higher education and 21% students-decorators. The group with low results in terms of self-regard included 39% students undergoing requalifi cation, 33% students majoring in "Applied and Decorative Arts" and 28% of the students majoring in "Psychology".
Students-decorators were divided in the groups in the following way: the group with higher results included 30%, with middle -44%, with low -26%. The division was different with students-psychologists: 50% belonged to cluster which included people with high level of self-regard, 31% − to cluster with middle level of self-regard, and 19% − to cluster with low level. The division of the students getting second higher education and who are older in terms of age was almost the same as to that of students-decorators: 28% were in the cluster with high results, 42% − with middle and 30% − with low (Tab. 1).
Thus, the participants of the research at the age of early adulthood who study to be psychologists are more prone to have positive and high self-regard which is not the case with persons belonging to the other groups. In order to more accurately determine the differences between the groups one-factor dispersion analysis was used as well as comparative analysis based on Scheffe test and Student's t-criterion.

Students-decorators
One-factor dispersion analysis has shown that integral scales and their subscales on self-regard signifi cantly infl uence the differences among the groups which were determined on the basis of cluster analysis. The same is true about the indicators of suicidal risk six of which appeared to be signifi cant for the division. Among creative indicators the most signifi cant infl uence onto the division of the groups have creative thinking (р=0.0414 with р<0.05), creative attitude towards one's activity (р=0.0137) and creative intuition (0.0002). These results prove that participants of the research with different level of self-regard also differ in certain manifestations that concern suicidal or creative behaviour.
Further comparison of the results according to Scheffe test confi rmed that the hypothesis was correct. The group with high level of self-regard has lower results on scales of suicidal risk and higher results on creativity indicators. Generally, in their behaviour they show less demonstrativity, affectivity, inability, that can be accompanied by the feeling of situation uniqueness and break of time perspective. On the contrary, groups with middle and low level of self-regard more frequently demonstrate intentions to attract attention of other people, trying to get their sympathy and understanding. Such behaviour is based on domination of emotions in situation evaluation, reduction of possibility to constructively plan one's future, fear of potential failures (Fig. 5). As far as creative manifestations are concerned, those under research with high self-regard and self-esteem have demonstrated higher level of creative thinking and creative attitude to one's job unlike those under research with middle self-regard. The group with high level of positive attitude towards oneself also signifi cantly differs from the group with its low level in the indicator of creative intuition that helps creatively on the intuitive level solve diffi cult life problems and avoid failures (Fig. 6).
Correlation analysis was conducted for every cluster but the biggest number of important correlations between self-regard and other indicators was revealed particularly for the group with high level of self-regard. Therefore, we shall concentrate on signifi cant correlations that were singled out in the results of this group.
Integral indicator of self-regard reversely correlates with three scales of the Questionnaire of suicidal risk: affectivity (r=-0.314 with р<0.05), inability (r=-0.291) and social pessimism (r=-0.417). Thus, growth of positive self-regard is accompanied by the reduction of readiness to react to psycho-traumatic situation too emotionally, removal of the feeling of incompetence, inability, re-orientates into positive way acceptance of the world as an enemy (Fig. 7).
The Indicator of self-esteem is inversely interconnected with affectivity (r=-0.352), social pessimism (r=-0.445) and maximalism (r=-0.306) as scales of suicidal risk. Confi dence in one's own abilities, skills, feeling the possibility to control one's life, understanding oneself facilitates removal of too emotional reaction to negative situation, affective fi xations on failures that in extreme cases can lead to "death aesthetization".  Let us have a look at the analysis of correlation results of the Creativity test.
Here self-regard is signifi cantly connected with sense of humour as a possibility to accept negative situations in an emotionally light way (r=0.395 with р<0.05).
The scale of self-liking as an approval of oneself in general and in some important details, trust of oneself and positive self-evaluation directly correlates with affectivity -0,417
As we see, correlation analysis confi rmed our hypothesis that positive selfregard is accompanied by self-esteem to one's own personality, attitude to it as the highest value that reduces risk of suicidal intentions. At the same time, high level of self-regard is interconnected with creative manifestations, namely, creative imagination, intuition and ability to approach life problems with humour. Let us consider factorial analysis of the results of groups with different level of self-regard.
In the group with high level of self-regard eight factors were singled out which describe 66.62% of general dispersion. Signifi cant were those factor loads the value of which was over 0.700. The fi rst factor, which share of general dispersion is 14.51%, encompasses integral indicator of self-liking (0.887) and indicator of self-accusations (-0.829). Thus, of utmost importance for the participants of the research with high level of self-regard were trust and friendly attitude towards oneself which is based on positive self-regard.
The second factor with 12.32% of the general dispersion included creative thinking (0.772) and intuition (0.707). These are the indicators that concern creativity as an ability to demonstrate non-standard, original and fl exible approach to solving problems.
The third factor of the group with high level of self-regard, where the part of the general dispersion is 8.79%, includes integral indicator of interest (0.885) and its subscale (0.867). It shows that those under study are quite close to themselves, in particular, they show interest in their own thoughts and feelings, are ready to communicate with oneself "on equal terms", are confi dent in being interesting for others. Factorial structure of the group with the middle level of self-regard turned out to be different. Similarly to the fi rst group, eight factors that describe 67.34% of the general dispersion were singled out. The fi rst factor (16.31% of the general dispersion) combined four indicators of suicidal risk: demonstrativity (0.807), uniqueness (0.809), inability (0.727), broken time perspective (0.732). Foregrounded here are the attempts to attract the attention of those who are around one's problems, feelings of uniqueness of these problems and personal incompetence to solve them that leads to inability to constructively plan one's future.
The second factor of the group with middle self-regard (12.17% of the general dispersion) is similar in terms of the indicators it consists of to the second factor of the group with high level of attitude towards oneself. As it was in the previous groups, it includes creative indicators, namely, originality (0.837) and creative intuition (0.728). Thus, these indicators are rather signifi cant and tell about the intentions to fi nd nonstandard approaches to solving problematic situations and tasks.
Similarly to the fi rst group, the third factor combined two indicators of self-interest (0.833 and 0.754) that refl ect interest in oneself, one's own thoughts and feelings.
Unlike two previous groups, factorial structure of the group with low level of attitude towards oneself turned out to be absolutely different. Eight signifi cant factors were determined that describe 77.99% of the general dispersion. The fi rst factor, with 18.20% of the general dispersion, included three suicidal scales: demonstrativity (-0.898), affectivity (-0.756), uniqueness (-0.901). Of interest is the fact that these indicators have a reverse sign that testifi es about characteristics directly opposite to these scales: closeness, emotional control, perceiving diffi cult situations as common ones.
The second (11.29% of the general dispersion) and third (9.79% of the general dispersion) factor relate to six scales of self-regard. The fi rst one combined integral scales of self-regard (0.797) and self-liking (0.826), as well as scales of selfconfi dence (0.756) and self-acceptance (0.854), while the second factor combined integral scale "Expectation of positive attitude from others" (0.723) and its subscale (0.854). As we see, for this group of those under research self-regard in all its aspects and manifestations prove to be rather important.
As far as creative indicators are concerned, they belong to factors with less share of general dispersion and have reverse sign. So, to the fourth factor belong creative intuition (-0.755) and creative attitude (-0.565), and to the seventh -curiosity (-0.734). Thus, unlike the groups with high and middle level of self-regard, the group with the low level showed indicators of creativity as less signifi cant.

Conclusions
Thus, in psychology self-regard is considered as a complicated cognitive and affective formation whose maturity is determined by the quality of interrelation and degree of agreement of its constituents. Its structure consists of two components: rational and emotional and axiological attitude to oneself, i.e. rueful feelings and evaluation of personal value.
Self-regard plays an important role in the behavioural and emotional manifestations of a person. Negative self-regard often leads to suicidal risk resulting